Groovy Drum Machine Sequencer

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We are going to burn the fuel of time in a different way today.\n\nLast week we *synthesized* sound by producing waves.\nFrequency, how fast a wave oscillates, controls the pitch of a sound.\nFrequency is about timing but on a tiny scale: a single bump of a wave might last something like 0.00227 seconds.\nYour ear experiences that as a continuous note, not as individual bursts of air.\n\nBut if musical events happen on larger timescales, like 0.1 seconds or longer, we experience separate events.\nWe cross from pitch to *rhythm*.\n\nRhythm is the arrangement of sounds in time.\nI would call rhythm the most important part of music.\nRhythm makes you want to dance. It can confuse and bewilder you.\nRhythm can take over your body and mind!\n\nRhythm leads us down a rabbit hole to... *math*.\n\nYes, we have to do more math. Sorry not sorry!\n\nThe program here is what a musician would call a \n*drum machine*, or more generally, a *sequencer*.\n\nA machine that can set up and play back sounds on a *rhythmic grid*.\n\nLet's run this program to investigate how this grid works.\n\nClick a square to enable or disable it. You should hear a sound when you turn one on.\n\nEach row holds a different sound — a different note.\n\nClick the play button or press Space to begin the flow of time.\n\nTime moves from left to right, then loops.\n\nEach column is a single moment in time.\n\nSet up a beat by enabling some squares then clicking 'Play.'\n\nSimple as that!\n\n~ ~ ~\n\nTake a few minutes to play around. Can you program a funky beat?\n\nWhat *rhythmic principles* ensure funky beats?\n\nHow do you interpet the role of the big squares versus the small squares?\n\nWhat does the 'BPM' slider do?\n\nThe 'Subdivision' buttons?\n\nThe 'Beats' buttons?\n\nExperiment! Follow your ears.\n\n~ ~ ~\n\nYou will find that randomly clicking around does not produce the best results.\n\nA good beat makes you want to *move.*\n\nWhat is the seemingly-magic essence of such a beat?\n\nWell, what variabels are we playing with?\n\n- the individual sound of each note (the \"sample\") -\n- - I think of these as High, Medium, and Low, based on pitch.\n- - all the samples are pretty short, but long vs. short sounds can make a big difference. (Remember \"envelope.\")\n\n- the relative placements of the samples -\n- - more on this momentarily. We will use a semi-numerical system for this.\n\n- the tempo, or speed of the music -\n- - a beat that sounds good fast may not sound good slow!\n\n- the structure of the grid itself -\n- - this will be part of our semi-numerical system.\n\nOur immediate goal: analyze and weild this grid structure so that we don't have to randomly click.\nYou can learn to *imagine* a beat and then program it!\n\n** The mathematics of rhythm **\n\nThe basic units of time in music are *beats* and *measures.* A measure can also be called a *bar.*\n\nMeasure is the big unit. Beats are smaller. \n\n*A measure is made of some number of beats.*\n\nThe grid in this program represents ONE looping measure.\n\nEach big square represents the beginning of one beat.\n\nBy default, this measure has four beats.\nFour-beats-to-a-bar is the most common *time signature* in music.\n\nTurn on a row of just big squares. You will hear equally-spaced pulses on the beats.\n\nYou can alter the number of beats per bar with the +/- buttons.\n\nWhat about the small squares? Those represent smaller *subdivisions* of the beat.\n*Fractions* of beats.\n\nIn much of the music you hear, beats are subdivided into two, four, or eight units — powers of two.\nSubdivision into three (\"triplets\") is common too. Other subdivisions are rare.\n\nTo summarize the rhythmic structure of our grid, we have:\n\n|| - M E A S U R E - ||\n\n|| Beat | Beat | Beat | Beat ||\n\n|| +... | +... | +... | +... ||\n\nAs with fractions, you can always divide up measures and beats as much as you want.\n\nNow for the number part.\n\nWe count beats 1, 2, 3, 4, ...\n\nMusicians use \"and\" (written '+') to mark halfway points between beats.\n\n\"One and Two and Three and Four and...\"\n\n|| 1 + | 2 + | 3 + | 4 + ||\n\nExercise: put a low sound on every beat and put a medium sound on every \"and.\"\n\nWhen a beat is subdivided into four, we use the phrase \"One ee and uh,\" \"Two ee and uh,\" and so on.\n\nLet's play with these ingredients!\n\nA recipe for the classic so-called \"backbeat:\"\n\nLow sounds on beats 1, 3.\nMedium sounds on beats 2, 4.\nHigh sounds on every beat and every \"and.\"\n\nMake that! It will sound like a drummer playing it safe.\nGet the feeling in your bones, then decorate that beat a little.\n\nChange the BPM, which stands for \"beats per minute.\"\nBPM is a measurement of *tempo,* or musical speed.\n\nThe default BPM in this program is 120.\n\n120 beats per minute means 2 beats per second. \nEach beat is 1/2 of a second.\n\nIf a measure contains 4 beats, that means the whole loop is 2 total seconds.\n\nRhythm is the most fun way to practice fraction thinking, especially if there's no pizza on hand.\n\nSometimes odd-numbered beats are called \"strong beats,\" while even-numbered beats are called \"weak beats.\"\nThat structure is mirrored *within* beats: \"ands\" are stronger than \"ees\" and \"uhs.\"\nThe rhythmic grid is a bit like a checkerboard...or a checkerboard within a checkerboard within a checkerboard.\n\nIt's deep and fascinating. To get a feel for this space, a couple basic principles:\n(Remember, rules are meant to be broken!)\n\n- Lower, longer sounds are best suited to strong beats.\n- - Beat one is often called \"the downbeat.\"\n- - The downbeat is often low and clear so that it's obvious where to start counting.\n\n- High, short sounds are lighter and are suited for weak beats and subdivision\n- - You can also fit in more of these sounds. Try to fit lots of high sounds around few low sounds.\n\n- Medium sounds, like a snare drum, sometimes called \"accents,\" don't work so well on downbeats, \n but they can highlight other important beats within the bar. \n- - The standard snare drum pattern is beats two and four only.\n\nLet's hit the laboratory. Play around and follow your ears. \nTry out different tempos, numbers of beats, and subdivisions.\n\nIf you have one goal for now, it should be to set up your beat so that the leftmost position of the grid *feels like* the beginning of the beat.\nIt is easy to disorient yourself inside a rhythm. If you find that happening, try to track down why and then see what you can do to correct it.\n\nObservations? Successes? Failures?\n\nNext time, we'll look \"under the hood\" to get a sense of the programming that goes into a drum machine.\n\nThe good news: mathematical thinking is easy to code. The only challenges in making something like this:\n- Making sure sounds play back at the right time (we use a library for this!)\n- Making the interface clear enough and simple to use.\n\n~ ~ ~\n\nPART TWO: Programming\n\n*/\n\n\nlet sounds = [ //array\n //\"@asset('Jacksplosion')\",\n \"@asset('hihat')\",\n \"@asset('hi')\",\n \"@asset('snare')\",\n \"@asset('med')\",\n \"@asset('lo')\",\n \"@asset('kick')\",\n\n \n \n\n];\n\nlet bpm = 120;\n\n// Beats per minute\nlet isPlaying = false;\n\n// To track the play/pause state\nlet currentBeat = 0;\n\n// To track the current beat in the loop\nlet interval;\n\nlet squareStates;\n\n// Array of sound assets\nlet numRows = sounds.length;\n\n// Number of rows based on sound array length\nlet numBeats = 4;\n\n// Change this to adjust the number of beats\nlet subdivision = 4;\n\nlet soundInstances = [];\n\nlet bpmSlider;\n\nlet bpmLabel;\n\nlet volumeSliders = [];\n\nlet scrollPosition = 0;\n\n// Update the setup function for positioning\nfunction setup() {\n const canvasWidth = 2150;\n createCanvas(canvasWidth, windowHeight);\n\n colorMode(HSB, 360, 100, 100); // Set color mode to HSB with hue, saturation, brightness\n background(300, 10, 20);\n\n preloadSounds();\n\n const saveButton = createButton('Save');\n saveButton.position(900, 40);\n saveButton.mousePressed(saveSequencer);\n\n const loadButton = createButton('Load');\n loadButton.position(980, 40);\n loadButton.mousePressed(loadSequencer);\n\n createElement('label', 'BPM:').position(210, 10);\n bpmSlider = createSlider(40, 200, bpm);\n bpmSlider.position(200, 40); // Lower the slider\n bpmSlider.input(updateBPM);\n\n bpmLabel = createElement('label', bpm.toString()).position(275, 10); // Centered below the slider\n\n createElement('label', 'Subdivision').position(520, 10); // Move down to align with button\n const subdivisionDecreaseButton = createButton('-');\n subdivisionDecreaseButton.position(520, 40);\n subdivisionDecreaseButton.mousePressed(decreaseSubdivision);\n\n subdivisionValueLabel = createElement('label', `1/${subdivision}`).position(565, 45); // Move down to align with button\n\n const subdivisionIncreaseButton = createButton('+');\n subdivisionIncreaseButton.position(600, 40);\n subdivisionIncreaseButton.mousePressed(increaseSubdivision);\n\n createElement('label', 'Beats').position(740, 10); // Move down to align with button\n const beatsDecreaseButton = createButton('-');\n beatsDecreaseButton.position(720, 40);\n beatsDecreaseButton.mousePressed(decreaseBeats);\n\n beatsValueLabel = createElement('label', numBeats.toString()).position(770, 45); // Move down to align with button\n\n const beatsIncreaseButton = createButton('+');\n beatsIncreaseButton.position(790, 40);\n beatsIncreaseButton.mousePressed(increaseBeats);\n\n squareStates = new Array(numRows).fill().map(() => new Array(numBeats * subdivision).fill(false));\n\n for (let i = 0; i < numRows; i++) {\n let slider = createSlider(0, 1, 1, 0.01);\n slider.size(50);\n slider.position(20, 120 + (i * 95));\n slider.input(() => updateVolume(i));\n volumeSliders.push(slider);\n }\n\n\n}\n\nfunction draw() {\n background(50, 10, 70);\n\n drawPlayPauseIcon();\n\n let downbeatSize = 75;\n let downbeatSpacing = 150;\n let startY = 100;\n\n translate(-scrollPosition, 0); // This moves the view left or right based on scrollPosition\n\n for (let row = 0; row < numRows; row++) {\n let x = 100;\n\n for (let col = 0; col < numBeats * subdivision; col++) {\n let isDownbeat = (col % subdivision === 0);\n let squareSize = isDownbeat ? downbeatSize : (downbeatSpacing - downbeatSize) / (subdivision - 1);\n let y = row * (downbeatSize + 20) + startY;\n let yOffset = isDownbeat ? 0 : (downbeatSize - squareSize) / 4;\n\n let hue = (row * 40) % 360;\n if (squareStates[row][col]) {\n fill(hue, 90, 100);\n } else {\n fill(hue, 30, 50);\n }\n\n noStroke();\n rect(x + (isDownbeat ? 0 : squareSize / 2), y + yOffset, squareSize, squareSize);\n\n let borderSize = 4;\n if (col === currentBeat) {\n stroke(squareStates[row][col] ? [hue, 30, 100] : [hue, 20, 50]);\n strokeWeight(borderSize);\n noFill();\n rect(x + (isDownbeat ? 0 : squareSize / 2) - (borderSize / 2), y + yOffset - (borderSize / 2), squareSize + borderSize, squareSize + borderSize);\n }\n\n x += squareSize + (isDownbeat ? 0 : (downbeatSpacing - downbeatSize) / (subdivision - 1));\n }\n }\n}\n\nfunction updateBPM() {\n bpm = bpmSlider.value(); // Update the bpm variable\n bpmLabel.html(bpm); // Update the BPM label to display the current BPM\n\n if (isPlaying) {\n clearInterval(interval); // Clear the existing interval\n // Calculate the interval time based on the current BPM and subdivision\n interval = setInterval(loopThroughSquares, (60000 / (bpm * subdivision))); // Adjust interval based on BPM and subdivision\n }\n}\n\nfunction loopThroughSquares() {\n if (currentBeat % subdivision === 0) {\n updateBPM(); // Call updateBPM on downbeat\n }\n for (let row = 0; row < numRows; row++) {\n if (squareStates[row][currentBeat]) {\n // Play sound based on the row using soundInstances array\n soundInstances[row].play(); // Play the sound for the corresponding row\n }\n }\n currentBeat = (currentBeat + 1) % (numBeats * subdivision); // Move to the next beat\n}\n\nfunction mousePressed() {\n // Check if the mouse is inside the icon's area\n const iconSize = 40; // Size of the icon\n const x = iconSize; // X position with padding\n const y = 20; // Y position with padding\n\n if (mouseX >= x && mouseX <= x + iconSize && mouseY >= y && mouseY <= y + iconSize) {\n togglePlay(); // Call the toggle function if clicked\n }\n\n // Existing mousePressed code for squares\n let downbeatSize = 75; // Size of downbeat squares\n let downbeatSpacing = 150; // Spacing between downbeat squares\n let startY = 100; // Starting Y position for the squares\n\n for (let row = 0; row < numRows; row++) {\n let x = 100; // Starting X position for the row\n\n for (let col = 0; col < numBeats * subdivision; col++) {\n let isDownbeat = (col % subdivision === 0);\n let squareSize = isDownbeat ? downbeatSize : (downbeatSpacing - downbeatSize) / (subdivision - 1);\n let y = row * (downbeatSize + 20) + startY;\n let yOffset = isDownbeat ? 0 : (downbeatSize - squareSize) / 4; // Center the small squares vertically\n\n // Check if the mouse is inside the square\n if (mouseX > x + (isDownbeat ? 0 : squareSize / 2) && mouseX < x + (isDownbeat ? 0 : squareSize / 2) + squareSize && mouseY > y + yOffset && mouseY < y + yOffset + squareSize) {\n // Toggle the state\n squareStates[row][col] = !squareStates[row][col];\n\n // Play sound only if not currently playing\n if (!isPlaying && squareStates[row][col]) {\n soundInstances[row].play(); // Play sound based on the row\n }\n }\n\n x += squareSize + (isDownbeat ? 0 : (downbeatSpacing - downbeatSize) / (subdivision - 1)); // Adjust x position\n }\n }\n}\n\nfunction increaseBeats() {\n if (numBeats < 30) { // Maximum value for beats\n numBeats++;\n beatsValueLabel.html(numBeats); // Update the displayed beats value\n }\n}\n\nfunction decreaseBeats() {\n if (numBeats > 2) { // Minimum value for beats\n numBeats--;\n beatsValueLabel.html(numBeats); // Update the displayed beats value\n }\n}\n\nfunction updateSubdivision() {\n // Create a new array to hold the updated states\n let newSquareStates = new Array(numRows).fill().map(() => new Array(numBeats * subdivision).fill(false));\n\n // Loop through each row\n for (let row = 0; row < numRows; row++) {\n // Loop through each beat\n for (let beat = 0; beat < numBeats; beat++) {\n // Calculate the previous downbeat index\n let previousIndex = beat * (squareStates[row].length / numBeats);\n\n // Check if the previous downbeat was on\n if (squareStates[row][previousIndex]) {\n // Calculate the new downbeat index\n let newIndex = beat * subdivision;\n\n // Set the new downbeat to be on\n newSquareStates[row][newIndex] = true;\n }\n }\n }\n\n // Update the squareStates with the new states\n squareStates = newSquareStates;\n}\n\nfunction drawPlayPauseIcon() {\n noStroke(); // Ensure no stroke is applied to the icon\n fill(50, 100, 100); // color for the icon\n let iconSize = 40; // Size of the icon\n\n let x = iconSize; // X position with padding\n let y = 20; // Y position with padding\n\n // Draw the icon\n if (isPlaying) {\n // Draw pause icon (two rectangles)\n rect(x, y, iconSize / 4, iconSize); // Left rectangle\n rect(x + iconSize / 2, y, iconSize / 4, iconSize); // Right rectangle\n } else {\n // Draw play icon (triangle)\n triangle(x, y, x, y + iconSize, x + iconSize, y + iconSize / 2); // Triangle\n }\n}\n\nfunction togglePlay() {\n isPlaying = !isPlaying; // Toggle play state\n\n if (isPlaying) {\n currentBeat = 0; // Reset to the first beat\n interval = setInterval(loopThroughSquares, (60000 / (bpm * subdivision))); // Start the interval for the loop based on BPM and subdivision\n } else {\n clearInterval(interval); // Stop the loop\n Howler.stop(); // Stop all sounds\n }\n\n //redraw(); // Redraw the canvas to update the icon\n}\n\nfunction increaseSubdivision() {\n if (subdivision < 6) { // Maximum value for subdivision\n subdivision++;\n subdivisionValueLabel.html(`1/${subdivision}`); // Update the displayed subdivision value as a fraction\n updateSubdivision(); // Call updateSubdivision to handle changes\n }\n}\n\nfunction decreaseSubdivision() {\n if (subdivision > 2) { // Minimum value for subdivision\n subdivision--;\n subdivisionValueLabel.html(`1/${subdivision}`); // Update the displayed subdivision value as a fraction\n updateSubdivision(); // Call updateSubdivision to handle changes\n }\n}\n\n// Function to update the volume of a specific row based on slider value\nfunction updateVolume(row) {\n const volume = volumeSliders[row].value(); // Get the slider value\n soundInstances[row].volume(volume); // Set the volume of the Howl instance for the row\n}\n\n// Function to save the current state of the sequencer\nfunction saveSequencer() {\n const sequencerState = {\n numRows: numRows,\n numBeats: numBeats,\n subdivision: subdivision,\n squareStates: squareStates\n };\n\n const sequencerJSON = JSON.stringify(sequencerState);\n console.log('Pattern Saved:', sequencerJSON);\n\n\n // Save it to a file\n const blob = new Blob([sequencerJSON], { type: \"application/json\" });\n const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);\n const a = document.createElement('a');\n a.href = url;\n a.download = 'drumMachine.json';\n a.click();\n URL.revokeObjectURL(url);\n}\n\n// Function to load the state of the sequencer from JSON\nfunction loadSequencer() {\n const sequencerJSON = prompt(\"Paste the JSON here:\");\n if (!sequencerJSON) return;\n\n const sequencerState = JSON.parse(sequencerJSON);\n\n // Update global variables\n numRows = sequencerState.numRows;\n numBeats = sequencerState.numBeats;\n subdivision = sequencerState.subdivision;\n squareStates = sequencerState.squareStates;\n\n // Update display elements\n beatsValueLabel.html(numBeats);\n subdivisionValueLabel.html(`1/${subdivision}`);\n\n // Redraw to reflect changes\n redraw();\n}\n\nfunction preloadSounds() {\n soundInstances = sounds.map(sound => {\n let howl = new Howl({\n src: [sound],\n html5: true,\n preload: true,\n autoplay: false,\n loop: false,\n volume: 1.0\n });\n\n // Play and immediately stop the sound to ensure it's loaded\n howl.play();\n howl.stop();\n\n return howl;\n });\n\n console.log(\"All sounds preloaded.\");\n}\n\nfunction keyPressed() {\n if (key === ' ') {\n togglePlay();\n return false;\n }\n if (keyCode === RIGHT_ARROW) {\n scrollPosition += 20; // Move the view to the right\n } else if (keyCode === LEFT_ARROW) {\n scrollPosition -= 20; // Move the view to the left\n }\n scrollPosition = constrain(scrollPosition, 0, (numBeats * subdivision * 150) - width); // Constrain the scroll position\n}\n\n","style.css":"body {\n margin: 0;\n overflow-x: auto;\n}\n\n/* Style for buttons */\nbutton {\n padding: 10px 15px;\n /* Add padding for a chunkier look */\n font-size: 18px;\n /* Increase font size */\n border-radius: 8px;\n /* Make corners round for a square appearance */\n border: 2px solid #000;\n /* Add a border */\n background-color: hsl(300, 10%, 90%);\n /* Background color */\n cursor: pointer;\n /* Change cursor on hover */\n}\n\n/* Style for sliders */\ninput[type=\"range\"] {\n -webkit-appearance: none;\n /* Remove default styling */\n width: 200px;\n /* Set width */\n height: 15px;\n /* Set height */\n background: #6f6381;\n /* Background color */\n border-radius: 5px;\n /* Round corners */\n outline: none;\n /* Remove outline */\n}\n\n/* Style for slider thumb */\ninput[type=\"range\"]::-webkit-slider-thumb {\n -webkit-appearance: none;\n /* Remove default styling */\n appearance: none;\n /* Remove default styling */\n width: 25px;\n /* Width of the thumb */\n height: 25px;\n /* Height of the thumb */\n border-radius: 10%;\n /* Make thumb round */\n background: #f1e8f6;\n /* Thumb color */\n cursor: pointer;\n /* Change cursor on hover */\n}\n\n\n\n/* CSS changes */\nlabel {\n color: #fff;\n font-size: 24px;\n /* Increase font size for labels */\n margin-right: 10px;\n display: inline-block;\n /* Ensure labels are inline for alignment */\n text-align: center;\n /* Center text within the label */\n}\n\n/* style.css */\nbody {\n margin: 0;\n overflow-x: auto;\n overflow-y: auto; /* Allow vertical scrolling if needed */\n}\n\ncanvas {\n display: block;\n position: absolute; /* Ensure it stays in place */\n}\n","index.html":"\n\n\n\n \n \n Groovy Drum Machine Sequencer\n \n \n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n"},"chat_history":[],"assets":[{"project_id":7529,"creator":null,"cloudinary_id":"lvqzt4ezhehtft668wy3","deleted":false,"id":71582,"created_at":"2025-04-16T16:23:18.466064Z","name":"Jacksplosion","resource_type":"audio","tags":null},{"project_id":7529,"creator":null,"cloudinary_id":"lmoh0ws17p2jrinyssxl","deleted":false,"id":71581,"created_at":"2025-04-16T16:19:24.082700Z","name":"med","resource_type":"audio","tags":null},{"project_id":7529,"creator":null,"cloudinary_id":"doq1e5ggqrh0cqqgqnqa","deleted":false,"id":71580,"created_at":"2025-04-16T16:19:24.081446Z","name":"lo","resource_type":"audio","tags":null},{"project_id":7529,"creator":null,"cloudinary_id":"tnzyu8tbqec301r720xg","deleted":false,"id":71579,"created_at":"2025-04-16T16:19:24.079678Z","name":"hi","resource_type":"audio","tags":null},{"project_id":7529,"creator":null,"cloudinary_id":"kovnjespilr53kzj2pla","deleted":false,"id":71578,"created_at":"2025-04-16T16:19:24.078446Z","name":"hihat","resource_type":"audio","tags":null},{"project_id":7529,"creator":null,"cloudinary_id":"dlu99kgkjlags0h7iusc","deleted":false,"id":71577,"created_at":"2025-04-16T16:19:24.077060Z","name":"snare","resource_type":"audio","tags":null},{"project_id":7529,"creator":null,"cloudinary_id":"uz1znejosnxvreovzggk","deleted":false,"id":71576,"created_at":"2025-04-16T16:19:24.075719Z","name":"kick","resource_type":"audio","tags":null},{"project_id":7529,"creator":null,"cloudinary_id":"qfjlc7tnvpon8pi8flzx","deleted":false,"id":71575,"created_at":"2025-04-16T16:19:24.074159Z","name":"ss","resource_type":"image","tags":null},{"project_id":7529,"creator":null,"cloudinary_id":"adoxvvc42elbpbmqdsjk","deleted":false,"id":71574,"created_at":"2025-04-16T16:19:24.072572Z","name":"hey","resource_type":"audio","tags":null}],"messages_sent":0,"comments":[],"steps":[]}